Bentazone Effectivity Modulated by Environmental Conditions

The effective utilization of herbicides is determined by environmental conditions before, during, and after its application. Increasing light intensity at the application of herbicide results in higher photosynthesis and subsequent phloem translocation to increase the movement of foliar-applied herbicides. The stomata remain open at high light intensity, thus increasing tissue penetration of foliar herbicides . Thus, the effectiveness of POST herbicides depends on light intensity during application.

One of the most important environmental factors are air temperature and relative humidity (RH), which alter the performance of herbicides in weed control. Absorption and translocation of Bentazone in plant increases with higher temperatures. At high temperatures, herbicide absorption is enhanced through reduced cuticle waxes and increased herbicide diffusion through the cuticle [24]. With high temperatures and high RH levels, the cuticle is highly hydrated, thereby promoting absorption of herbicides .

Generally, humidity has a greater effect on herbicide uptake than temperature . Increased humidity increases the uptake of Bentazone. For instance, increased uptake of bentazone at 80% RH rather than one at 40% RH was observed in seven plant species. Additionally, high RH levels favor the efficiency of foliar-applied herbicides by affecting herbicide uptake through interactions between the herbicide droplet, leaf cuticle, stomatal opening, and water in or around droplets . The effects of low humidity on Bentazone uptake can be overcome by adding adjuvants. For example, enhancement of bentazone uptake by adjuvants was more pronounced at 40% RH than at 80% RH.

Bentazone was found to be very mobile in soil at natural RH due to its high-water solubility . Bentazone’s herbicidal activity is very low in dry soil; however, its activity increases with increasing soil moisture content and highly active at slightly flooded conditions . Herbicide performance is generally reduced on moisture stressed plants under dry or low soil moisture conditions because plant morphology and physiology are both affected. Understanding of the environmental factors that cause low herbicide efficiency makes it possible to consider the appropriate conditions such as temperature and humidity to spray, thereby maximizing the dose applied and minimizing the processing costs.

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