Tolerance Mechanism for Bentazone

The WSSA defines herbicide resistance as “the inherited ability of a plant to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type, and may be naturally occurring or induced by techniques, such as genetic engineering or selection of variants produced by tissue culture or mutagenesis” . Herbicide resistance mechanisms include structural reforms at the target site of the herbicide, metabolic detoxification, and changes in herbicide uptake, translocation, or compartmentalization. Plant species that are not controlled by a herbicide before any selection pressure or genetic manipulation can be considered naturally tolerant, but not herbicide-resistant.

Bentazone tolerance requires mechanisms that limit the amount of active herbicide entering the target site, mechanisms that decrease herbicide uptake, and mechanisms that improve herbicide metabolism. Differential absorption and metabolism in treated bentazone-susceptible line leaflets resulted in a higher Bentazone concentration than that of tolerant species, revealing that differential metabolism is the key cause of different responses to Bentazone. Tolerant plants can easily detoxify bentazone through rapid aryl hydroxylation followed by glucose conjugation, whereas susceptible plants metabolize Bentazone to a lesser extent, and several species are unable to metabolize it at all. The absorbed Bentazone was hydroxylated to either 6-hydroxy-bentazone or 8-hydroxy-Bentazone and then glycosylated at positions 6 or 8 of its aromatic ring, which was eventually oxidized to produce natural plant products, such as starch, protein, lignin, amino acid, and cellulose . Base on the species, the positions of its aromatic ring of hydroxylation and glycosylation are different. Bentazoneis readily metabolized in rice and other gramineous plants by detoxifying this herbicide primarily by 6-hydroxylation or 6- and 8-hydroxylation and glucose conjugation of its hydroxylated positions . Sorghum and Johnsongrass rapidly metabolizes bentazone by producing 6-hydroxylbentazone, whereas wheat , corn, and soybean  metabolizes it by producing 6- and 8-hydroxyl-bentazone after hydroxylation followed by glycosylation at the 6 and 8 positions of its aromatic ring.

Metabolic resistance of Bentazone are generated by endogenous cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases, glucosyl transferases (GTs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and/or other enzyme systems, such as aryl acylamide [38]. Hydroxylation of aromatic rings or alkyl groups by a family of enzymes known as cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and then, glucose conjugation at positions of its aromatic ring by GSTs or GTs is the most common way to detoxify herbicides in plants.

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